Justice
: 7
…
- What words denotes social norms?
- What is a civil case?
- What is a crime?
- What is a law?
| Theory | Key Concepts | Philosophers/Thinkers | Key Works |
|---|---|---|---|
| Utilitarianism | Justice is maximizing happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people | Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill | An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham), Utilitarianism (Mill) |
| Rawlsian Justice | Justice as fairness, the "veil of ignorance," the original position, difference principle | John Rawls | A Theory of Justice (Rawls) |
| Libertarianism | Justice as protecting individual rights, particularly property rights and freedom | Robert Nozick | Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick) |
| Communitarianism | Justice as promoting community values and the common good, emphasizing the role of community in individual lives | Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor | Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Sandel), Sources of the Self (Taylor) |
| Capability Approach | Justice as expanding individuals' capabilities to achieve well-being and function effectively | Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum | Development as Freedom (Sen), Women and Human Development (Nussbaum) |
| Distributive Justice | Justice as the fair allocation of goods, resources, and opportunities | Aristotle, John Rawls, G.A. Cohen | Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), A Theory of Justice (Rawls), Justice as Fairness (Rawls) |
| Feminist Justice | Justice as acknowledging gendered power structures, oppression, and inequality | Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler | The Second Sex (Beauvoir), Gender Trouble (Butler) |
| Social Contract Theory | Justice as arising from an agreement or contract between individuals to form a society | Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Leviathan (Hobbes), Second Treatise of Government (Locke), The Social Contract (Rousseau) |
| Restorative Justice | Justice as repairing harm, restoring relationships, and reintegrating offenders | Howard Zehr, John Braithwaite | The Little Book of Restorative Justice (Zehr), Crime, Shame and Reintegration (Braithwaite) |
| Virtue Ethics (Justice) | Justice as a component of the virtuous life, tied to character and the good life | Aristotle, Alasdair MacIntyre | Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), After Virtue (MacIntyre) |
| Contractualism | Justice as what could be justified to others under conditions of equality and fairness | T.M. Scanlon | What We Owe to Each Other (Scanlon) |