Tecno-Productive Policy Toolbox

Here’s a structured Taxonomy of Technology Absorption Policy Tools, categorized by intervention type and implementation level:

Policy Category	Specific Tools	Implementation Level	Example Cases
Financial Incentives	R&D tax credits, innovation grants	Firm / Industry	U.S. R&D Tax Credit (Section 41)
	Subsidies for tech transfer	National / Regional	China’s subsidies for semiconductor absorption
Human Capital Development	STEM education funding	National	Germany’s dual vocational training system
	Foreign expert exchange programs	International	Taiwan’s talent repatriation schemes
	Master Artisan Program
Institutional Support	National innovation labs	Government-led	South Korea’s KAIST research labs
	Public-private R&D consortia	Industry-wide	EU’s Horizon 2020 partnerships
Regulatory & IP Frameworks	Flexible IP licensing laws	National	India’s patent waivers for pharma
	Mandatory tech transfer clauses	International (FDI)	Brazil’s oil industry local content rules
Infrastructure & Platforms	Tech parks / incubators	Regional	Singapore’s Block 71 startup hub
	Open-access knowledge repositories	Global	UNESCO’s Open Science initiatives
Market Creation	Government procurement of advanced tech	National	U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA)
	Local content requirements	Industry-specific	Nigeria’s oil & gas supply chain mandates

Finance
Knowledge Diffusion
…
Building R&D Capacity in Firms
Business Excellence Awards Recognizing Productivit
Comprehensive Enterprise Database [Tool]
Comprehensive Infrastructure Services: Power, Transport, Water, Waste Management, and More
Comprehensive Investor Information Package and Portal
Comprehensive Support for Workforce Services: Recruitment, Housing, Commuting, and Healthcare
Credit Guarantee Program
Development & Research Development Grants
Linking Loans with Enterprise Diagnostic and Advis
Finance/External Trade
Innovation Hub
Development and Management of Industrial Estates E
Export Promotion
Specialized Technical Support for Engineering Skill
Strategic Framework Vision, Roadmap, and Action Pl
Strategic Incentives and Negotiation for Attractin
Comprehensive Enterprise Database
Establishment of a Lead Ministry Agency for Priori
Building R&D Capacity in Firms
Talent Attraction
Business Excellence Awards Recognizing Productivit
Grants & Incentives for Workforce Training
Marketing and Business Linkage
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme
Import Substitution
Incentives and Subsidies for FDI-Local Firm Integr
Tax Incentives for Firm Innovation
Local Procurement Program
Export Ban
Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Righ
Support for Short-Term Training Programs and Indus
Market Development
Investment Incentives
Local Content Requirement
Productivity Center
Development & Research Development Grants
Strategic Subsidies & Incentives for Enhancing Man
One-stop Investor Support Service (Pre and Post-In)
Establishment of Essential Laws and Regulations
Global Investment Promotion Seminars, Missions, an
Enterprise Diagnostic and Advisory Platform
Transparent Declaration of Preferred Investors, Se
Strategic Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
Cluster/Wealth Generating Economic Activities
Cluster/Supply Chains (Outer Economy)
Cluster/Quality Index of Economic Activities
Targeted Commercial Bank Loans with Subsidized Rat
National Standards Policy
Promote Subcontracting Linkages
Comprehensive Investor Information Package and Por
Integrated Credit Information Network
Comprehensive Support for Workforce Services Recru
Comprehensive Infrastructure Services Power, Trans
Leapfrogging Policy
CIEU Oferta y Demenda Lab
Credit Guarantee Program
Trade Fairs and Reverse Trade Fairs
Targeted Loans & Grants for Strategic Products and
Startup Ecosystem
Skills Certification, Competitions, and Excellence
Patent Law
Public Procurement
Official Facilitation and Promotion of Subcontract
Trade Mission
Establishment and Strengthening of Industry Assocccion
Factory Rental Solutions for Local and Foreign SME
Quality Standards and Certification Support Polici
Skills Development Training for New and Existing W
Enterprise Credit Information System

Financing Exports

Tools:

Grant
Subsidies
Endowment
Pioneers Banks
Financial Services
Development Banks
Venture Capital Market
…

Goals:

Financing Exports

¿How do you finance things?

Financing exports refers to providing financial resources to support the sale of goods and services from one country to another. This can include a range of financial instruments and services designed to help exporters manage the risks and costs associated with international trade.

Export financing can take many forms, including:

Export credit insurance: This type of insurance protects exporters against the risk of non-payment by buyers in foreign markets.
Export working capital financing: This provides short-term funding to support the production and shipment of goods to overseas customers.
Export factoring: This involves the sale of accounts receivable to a financial institution, which provides immediate cash to the exporter and assumes the risk of non-payment by foreign buyers.
Export loans are loans provided by banks or other financial institutions to support expanding export activities.
Export grants: These are non-repayable funds provided by government agencies or other organizations to support the development of export markets.

Financing exports is essential to support international trade growth and help businesses overcome the financial barriers to entry into foreign markets.

Countries finance exports because they are essential to economic growth and development. Exporting allows a country to expand its market beyond domestic borders, reaching new customers and generating additional revenue.

Exporting also helps to diversify a country’s economy, reducing its dependence on a single industry or market. This can help to mitigate the risks associated with economic downturns or changes in global demand.

Additionally, financing exports can help businesses provide the capital they need to expand and invest in new technologies, products, and markets. This can help to improve their competitiveness and drive innovation, leading to further economic growth and development.

In summary, financing exports is a crucial part of a country’s economic strategy, helping to drive growth, diversify the economy, and support businesses in pursuing new opportunities.

External Trade

China Innovation Point System

https://policycn.com/public/commentaries/innovation-points-system-expands-nationwide-to-boost-sme-scitech-financing-48839 (Innovation Point System)

References

Economic Catch-Up and Technological Leapfrogging in Developing Countries: A Historical Overview by L. Soete and B. Verspagen.
Local Content Requirements Impact the Global Economy
Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Cathleen Cimino-Isaacs. Local content requirements: A global problem. Vol. 102. Columbia University Press, 2013. [One have to read the gate-keepers and idiologs]
Qiu, Larry D., and Zhigang Tao. "Export, foreign direct investment, and local content requirement." Journal of Development Economics 66.1 (2001): 101-125.
Emmanuel, Rafael. "Optimal local content requirement policies for extractive industries." Resources Policy 50 (2016): 244-252.
Lahiri, Sajal, and Yoshiyasu Ono. "Export–oriented foreign direct investment and local content requirement." Pacific Economic Review 8.1 (2003): 1-14.
Banet, Catherine. "Local Content and Sustainable Development in Norway." (2021): 245-263.
Kesar, Surbhi. Nature and Pattern of Subcontracting Linkages in the Informal Economy in India: Implications for Possibilities of Economic Transformation. No. 254. 2022.
Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, et al. "Do Tax Incentives Increase Firm Innovation? An RD Design for R&D, Patents, and Spillovers." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 15.4 (2023): 486-521.
R&D Tax Breaks -> https://www.adp.com/resources/articles-and-insights/articles/r/r-and-d-tax-credit-what-it-is-and-how-to-claim-it.aspx
Gallini, Nancy, and Suzanne Scotchmer. "Intellectual property: when is it the best incentive system?." Innovation policy and the economy 2 (2002): 51-77.