Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
It’s a framework for modeling the decisions making processes that are taken when people in a group perceive the deteriorating quality of goods or services that are provided to them. The outcomes are exit or voice.
Albert O. Hirschman's "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty" (1970) is best understood as a conceptual framework or theoretical model of behavior within organizations and systems—particularly when individuals experience dissatisfaction.
It models strategic behavior (exit vs. voice) in response to dissatisfaction, integrating contextual factors like loyalty.