Intellectual Movement

Intellectual Movement	Time Period	Key Focus	Methods	Major Figures
Scholasticism	9th–16th century	Reconciliation of faith and reason	Dialectics, syllogism, commentaries	Aquinas, Abelard, Ockham
Renaissance Humanism	14th–17th century	Revival of classical antiquity	Rhetoric, textual criticism, philology	Erasmus, Petrarch, Pico della Mirandola
Protestant Reformation	16th century	Religious reform, sola scriptura	Biblical exegesis, vernacular preaching	Luther, Calvin, Zwingli
Scientific Revolution	16th–18th century	Empirical science, natural laws	Experimentation, mathematics, observation	Galileo, Newton, Bacon
Enlightenment	17th–18th century	Reason, individualism, progress	Skepticism, secularism, encyclopedism	Voltaire, Locke, Kant
Romanticism	Late 18th–19th century	Emotion, nature, individualism	Intuition, artistic expression	Rousseau, Goethe, Wordsworth
Modern Analytic Philosophy	20th century+	Language, logic, scientific clarity	Logical analysis, conceptual rigor	Wittgenstein, Russell, Quine

Scholasticism

References