Firm Ecosystem
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- Energy
- Infrastructure
- Government Interface
- ...
Material
A raw material is an unprocessed or minimally processed natural or synthetic substance that serves as the primary input in a manufacturing or transformation process, possessing intrinsic physical, chemical, or biological properties that determine its suitability for conversion into intermediate or final products.
🌍 Global Industrial Material Usage Shares
| Material | Annual Production | Approximate % of Total Material Use | Notes & Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concrete | \~33 billion t/year | \~30–40 % | Most-consumed human-made material after water([reddit.com][1]); in construction, \~65.7 % of material volume([wired.com][2]). |
| Cement | \~4–4.5 billion t/year | \~5 % (as binder) | Cement is component of concrete. Worldwide = \~4 % of global emissions; massive consumption. |
| Steel (iron & steel) | \~1.8 billion t/year | \~15–20 % | Steel dominates metals/mining revenues; \~60–70 % of metals/mining; \~8.8 % of construction materials use. |
| Aluminum | \~60 million t/year (primary) | \~1–2 % | Second-most abundant metal used; per capita \~80 kg; \~33 % recycled. |
| Plastics (polymers) | \~370–400 million t/year | \~3–4 % | Polymer output \~80 % of chemicals industry; packaging \~40 % of use. |
| Composites | \~13 million t/year | <1 % (by volume) | Niche materials in aerospace, high-end construction; their mass is small relative to bulk materials. |
References
- Drexl, Josef. "Designing competitive markets for industrial data." J. Intell. Prop. Info. Tech. & Elec. Com. L. 8 (2017): 257.
- Liang, Fan, et al. "A survey on big data market: Pricing, trading and protection." Ieee Access 6 (2018): 15132-15154.
- Pistor, Katharina. "Rule by data: The end of markets?." Law & Contemp. Probs. 83 (2020): 101.
- Caulkins, Jonathan P., and Peter Reuter. "What price data tell us about drug markets." Journal of drug issues 28.3 (1998): 593-612.
- Agarwal, Anish, Munther Dahleh, and Tuhin Sarkar. "A marketplace for data: An algorithmic solution." Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. 2019.
- Miller, Mark S., and K. Eric Drexler. "Markets and computation: Agoric open systems." The ecology of computation 1 (1988).
- Hao, Jun, Zeyu Deng, and Jianping Li. "The evolution of data pricing: From economics to computational intelligence." Heliyon 9.9 (2023).
- Mirowski, Philip. "Markets come to bits: Evolution, computation and markomata in economic science." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 63.2 (2007): 209-242.
- The Material Project