Hospitality and Tourism Productive Ecosystem
The tourism industry is diverse and encompasses various sectors contributing to the travel experience.
A very spacial location based industry.
QA:
- At which level should we analyze 'Hospitality and Tourism' productive activities: industry, sector, sub-sector, or another classification?
- What is the value added of tourism, and how is it calculated?
- Which are the side effects of tourism?
- Which are the diminishing effects of tourism?
- Is this industry an big enabler to other industries?
- How new tourism destinations are develop and evolved over time?
- Which are the path to upgrade tourism destinations from low-value to high-value?
- How to develop high-value tourism destination? Can we design an skill based tourism industry? What are the effects of commoditization on the tourism industry?
- Which are the
R&DActivies that impact the Industry? - What is the set of techniques used for production?
Industry Set
Which industries belong to the "Hospitality and Tourism" sub-sector?
| Industry | Description |
|---|---|
| Hotels and Resorts | Accommodation services including hotels, resorts, motels, and hostels, providing lodging, amenities, and guest services. |
| Restaurants and Catering | Food and beverage services for on-site consumption (restaurants, cafes, bars) and off-site catering services. |
| Travel Agencies and Tour Operators | Businesses that organize, package, and sell travel services and tour experiences, including transport and guided tours. |
| Recreational and Cultural Services | Attractions, amusement parks, museums, cultural sites, entertainment venues, and other leisure activities aimed at tourists and local visitors. |
| Transportation Services for Tourism | Passenger transport services specific to tourism, e.g., airport shuttles, sightseeing buses, cruise lines, and charter services. |
| Event and Convention Services | Planning, hosting, and management of conferences, exhibitions, weddings, festivals, and other events for leisure or business purposes. |
| Online Travel Services | Platforms for booking travel, accommodation, experiences, and other tourism-related services (OTAs, travel apps, meta-search engines). |
Industry Characterization
…
| Category | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| By Value Added | High Value-Added: Luxury, exclusive experiences; Moderate Value-Added: Balanced offerings; Low Value-Added: High volume, low spending. | Maldives (luxury resorts), Spain (cultural cities), Mass-market beach resorts. |
| By Economic Dependency | Tourism-Dependent Economies: Tourism is a major GDP driver; Diversified Economies: Tourism complements other industries. | Maldives (high dependency), USA (diversified economy). |
| By Target Market | Domestic Tourism: Serves local travelers; International Tourism: Attracts foreign visitors; Youth/Backpacker Destinations: Affordable, adventurous experiences. | Thailand (youth/backpackers), Paris (international visitors), Rural U.S. towns (domestic travelers). |
| By Economic Function | Leisure Tourism: Beaches, amusement parks; Cultural Tourism: History, art; Business Tourism: MICE events; Eco-Tourism: Nature-based travel. | Orlando (theme parks), Kyoto (cultural), Dubai (business), Costa Rica (eco-tourism). |
| By Resources/Attractions | Natural Attractions: Mountains, beaches, forests; Man-Made Attractions: Historic landmarks, theme parks; Religious Sites: Pilgrimage locations. | Yellowstone (natural), Eiffel Tower (man-made), Mecca (religious site). |
| By Seasonality | Year-Round Destinations: Attractions all seasons; Seasonal Destinations: Popular during specific periods. | Singapore (year-round), The Alps (winter skiing), Santorini (summer). |
| By Sustainability Practices | Sustainable Destinations: Eco-tourism focus; Mass-Tourism Destinations: High visitor numbers, often straining resources. | Bhutan (sustainable), Cancun (mass tourism). |
| By Activities | Adventure/Outdoor Tourism: Hiking, diving; Wellness Tourism: Spas, retreats; Cultural Festivals: Events and heritage sites. | Patagonia (adventure), Bali (wellness), Venice Carnival (cultural festival). |
| By Market Size | Small-Niche Destinations: Specialized, exclusive markets; Large-Market Destinations: Cater to mass tourism. | Galápagos Islands (niche), Orlando (large market). |
| By Economic Contribution | High-Impact Destinations: Significant regional or national economic role; Low-Impact Destinations: Small-scale economic influence. | Las Vegas (high impact), Small rural festivals (low impact). |
Industry Competitiveness
…
| Factor | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Market Structure | Degree of competition, barriers to entry, and product differentiation within the industry. | Oligopolistic markets like telecommunications vs. competitive markets like agriculture. |
| Cost Structure and Productivity | Includes labor costs, capital efficiency, and economies of scale affecting industry output. | Large-scale industries like automobile manufacturing benefit from economies of scale. |
| Innovation and Technology | Focus on R&D and adoption of cutting-edge technologies to boost competitiveness. | Tech firms like Apple rely on continuous innovation to maintain a competitive edge. |
| Global Trade Dynamics | Industry's ability to compete internationally, influenced by trade policies and export capability. | Export-driven industries like electronics in South Korea. |
| Human Capital | Workforce skills, education, and training that improve industry productivity. | High-tech industries require advanced technical expertise, such as in AI and robotics. |
| Regulatory Environment | Impact of government policies, ease of doing business, and compliance costs on industry growth. | Financial regulation impacts competitiveness in banking and insurance sectors. |
| Access to Resources | Availability and affordability of raw materials and energy inputs critical to production. | Aluminum production relies on access to bauxite and affordable energy sources. |
| Customer Base and Demand | Size of the market and customer loyalty, which provide stability and growth opportunities. | Consumer goods like smartphones benefit from a large global market and brand loyalty. |
| Supply Chain Efficiency | Efficiency of logistics and supplier networks impacting cost and delivery times. | Fast-fashion brands like Zara rely on efficient supply chains to compete effectively. |
| Environmental Sustainability | Adoption of eco-friendly practices and compliance with environmental norms. | Renewable energy firms adopt green technologies to align with global sustainability goals. |
| Infrastructure | ||
| Global Connectivity |
Value Chain
…
| Category | Examples |
|---|---|
| Accommodation Services | Hotels, Resorts, Motels, Hostels, Bed and Breakfasts, Vacation Rentals (e.g., Airbnb) |
| Transportation Services | Airlines, Cruises, Trains, Buses and Coaches, Car Rentals, Ride-Sharing Services |
| Tour Packages | All-Inclusive Tours, Adventure Tours, Cultural Tours, Eco-Tours, Sightseeing Tours, Group Tours |
| Travel Insurance | Coverage for Medical Emergencies, Trip Cancellation Insurance, Luggage Insurance |
| Travel Technology | Online Travel Agencies (OTAs), Travel Apps, Booking Platforms, Travel Management Software |
| Hospitality Services | Restaurants and Dining, Bars and Nightclubs, Catering Services, Event Spaces and Venues |
| Recreational and Entertainment | Theme Parks, Museums and Galleries, Theaters and Shows, Casinos, Sporting Events |
| Adventure and Outdoor Activities | Hiking and Trekking Tours, Water Sports (e.g., snorkeling, scuba diving, kayaking), Zip-lining and Canopy Tours, Safari and Wildlife Tours |
| Wellness and Spa Services | Spa Resorts, Wellness Retreats, Health and Fitness Centers |
| Cultural Experiences | Cultural Festivals and Events, Local Tours and Workshops, Historical Tours and Heritage Sites |
| Shopping and Souvenirs | Local Markets, Shopping Districts, Souvenir Shops |
| Meeting and Event Services | Conference Centers, Event Planning Services, Corporate Meeting Spaces |
| Transportation Accessories | Travel Bags and Luggage, Travel Accessories (e.g., neck pillows, travel adapters), Maps and Guidebooks |
| Language and Translation Services | Language Apps, Translation Services, Local Guides |
| Cruise Services | Cruise Ships, River Cruises, Cruise Excursions |
| Educational Tourism Services | Language Learning Programs, Study Abroad Programs, Educational Tours and Workshops |
| Transportation Add-ons | Airport Transfers, Shuttle Services, VIP Transportation Services |
| Specialized Tours | Culinary Tours, Photography Tours, Volunteer and Community Service Tours |
| … | … |
Anexos
En los '90 en Canarias, si querías trabajar en el turismo, tenias que tener FP hecho. Cocina, camareros, atención al cliente, etc. Se preparaba a todo tipo de trabajador, idiomas incluido. Desde el botones, freganchines, hasta el director del hotel tenían estudios. Al finales de los'90, sobre el 98 o por ahí, los hoteles dejaron de ser guiados por hosteleros para caer en las manos de los "grandes inversores" y sacarlos a bolsa. Cuando antes de esta fecha, habían hoteles de 4 y 5 estrellas llenos con clientes de calidad, que gastaban dinero en los hoteles, casinos y restaurantes de calidad, creando empleo y vida de calidad. Entonces, a algún inversor de estos se le ocurrió la idea de abaratar costes, y transformó los hoteles de 4 y 5 estrellas en habitaciones con todo incluido. Eso hundió el turismo. 30 años de Formación Profesional a la mier.... por el todo incluido. El cliente reservaba la habitación , la estancia, y las excursiones con agencias de toda Europa, incluida España que se peleaban por venir. Ahora solo queda una agencia española que vive del inserso y los turistas que vienen no gastan ni para un bocadillo y el dinero se queda en las agencias de esos países, pagan muy poco a los hoteles. De 50€ por día y por persona con alojamiento desayuno y cena, se ha pasado a 5€ por persona con todo incluido. Menos personal para trabajar, sí pero ninguna calidad. Unas islas que podrían ser como Dubai, hundidas por los corruptos de siempre.
References
- World Tourism Rankings
- La Competividad en Turismo
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- Aldebert, Bénédicte, Rani J. Dang, and Christian Longhi. "Innovation in the tourism industry: The case of Tourism@." Tourism management 32.5 (2011): 1204-1213.
- Paredes, Paula Greciet. "La Formación profesional reglada en hostelería y turismo:(Federación Española de Escuelas de Turismo)." Estudios turísticos 128 (1995): 81-98.
- Our World In Data · Tourism